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 As expected, within each class, viruses share structural similarities; • Some RNA viruses (for example, influenza viruses) "steal" short (10–15 nt) capped oligonucleotides from cellular mRNAs to prime viral mRNA synthesis (a process called capsnatching) (Chapter 23 Family Orthomyxoviridae) This priming process cannot be used for genome synthesis and indeed, the genome segments of influenza viruses are primed by a de novo process Key Terms Key Terms Okazaki fragments Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA Polyomaviruses Replication Adenoviruses Replication

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Double-stranded rna viruses examples-F Double Stranded RNA Viruses (eg, reoviruses) Figure 8, p 108 from Fields Virology 1 Genome is transcribed by virion packaged polymerase 2 mRNA's are translated to viral proteins or transcribed to complementary strands to yield double stranded RNA genomes forAdenovirus, Herpes virus, and other doublestranded DNA viruses 2 RNA The virus that has RNA as its genetic material is known as an RNA virus The RNA virus is divided into two categories Reovirus, for example, is a doublestranded (ds) RNA virus RNA virus with a single strand (ss)

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 Positivesense singlestranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses are one such way and it is a key aspect of the infectious cycle of the virus Two important examples of ssRNA virusesThe replication of poliovirus, which contains a singlestranded RNA as its genome, provides a useful example All of the steps are independent of host DNA and occur in the cell cytoplasm Polioviruses absorb to cells at specific cell receptor sites (step 1), losing in the process one virusThe genomes of the largest doublestranded DNA viruses such as herpesviruses and poxviruses are quite complex, resembling their host cells Genomes of Polyomavirus are complexed with cellular histone proteins, which form a chromatinlike structure inside the virus particle

HIV1 is a singlestranded RNA retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase to create a doublestranded DNA copy of its genome which is integrated into the host human's genome prior to making mRNAs (Group VI) The genome structure system classifies both viruses as singlestranded RNA viruses with linear genomes CoOpting Host Membranes during RNA Virus Replication All studied RNA viruses usurp and modify cytoplasmic membranes for formation of functional sites of protein translation, processing, and RNA synthesis, as described in detail in recent reviews These sites, containing cellular membranes, viral RNA, and viral replicase proteins, are generally referred toLutionary dynamics of doublestranded (ds) DNA viruses, which may evolve far more slowly than RNA viruses, has not yet been investigated Indeed, the use of heterochronous phylogenetic modeling has resulted in surprisingly high evolutionary rate estimates for JC virus (Shackelton et al 06), variola virus (VARV) (Li et al 07), and the

 Cystoviruses are the only bacteriophage that are more closely related to viruses of eukaryotes than to other phage Bacteriophage Φ6 is a member of the Cystoviridae family It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plantpathogenic P syringae) It has a threepart, segmented, doublestranded RNA genome, totalling ~135 kb in lengthRNA interference (RNAi) is a genetic regulatory system that functions to silence the activity of specific genes RNAi occurs naturally, through the production of nuclearencoded premicroRNA (premiRNA), and can be induced experimentally, using short segments of synthetic doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)Types rely on cytoplasmic virus sensors such as the RNA helicases RIGI and MDA5 (3–7), which are believed to be activated by doublestranded (ds) RNA produced during viral replication or convergent transcription of viral genes (8) Viral recognition pathways can be targeted as a means of immune escape (9) For example, influenza A virus NS1

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Although RNA is typically single stranded within cells, there is significant diversity in viruses Rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold; RNA virus A virus in which the genetic material is RNA The RNA may be either double or singlestranded There are 6 classes of viruses The DNA viruses constitute classes I and II The RNA viruses make up the remaining classes Class III viruses have a doublestranded RNAThey can even have double stranded RNA!

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RNA viruses can have a () sense strand or a () sense strand of RNA () sense RNA acts like mRNA and can be translated into proteins by the host cell's ribosomes The genomes of viruses possess unique characteristics that are not found in mammalian genomes, such as high CpG content and doublestranded RNA These genomic nucleic acids serve as molecular signatures associated with viral infections Here we show that TLR7 recognizes the singlestranded RNA viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus and influenzaRNA interference (RNAi), regulatory system occurring within eukaryotic cells (cells with a clearly defined nucleus) that controls the activity of genesRNAi functions specifically to silence, or deactivate, genes The ability of interfering RNA to silence genes was discovered in the 1990s by American scientists Andrew Z Fire and Craig C Mello, who shared the 06 Nobel Prize for

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 Mammalian reovirus is a nonenveloped doublestranded RNA virus Although isolated from respiratory and enteric tracts, reovirus is rarely linked to human disease and is thus regarded as benign Recently, reovirus was found to preferentially kill many types of cancer cells, raising the prospect of using reovirus as a cancer therapy reagentTable 211 Figure 216 Viruses can be classified according to their core genetic material and capsid design (a) Rabies virus has a singlestranded RNA (ssRNA) core and an enveloped helical capsid, whereas (b) variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has a doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) core and a complex capsid Examples The most wellknown retrovirus that infects humans is HIV   However, there are several other human retroviruses These include the human Tcell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1) HTLV1 is associated with certain Tcell leukemias and lymphomas There are many additional retroviruses which have been identified as infecting other species  

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 RNA Viruses are those Viruses that contain RNA viral Genome RNA Viruses are furtherly subdivided into two classes on the basis of either Single Strand RNA Genome or Double Strand RNA Genome Doublestranded RNA virus These Viruses are such Viruses that contain Double Strand RNA Genome in Capsid For Example Reo Virus Singlestranded RNA virus These Viruses are such Viruses that contain Single Strand RNA Genome in Capsid For Example Polio Virus, Influenza Virus1 in a singlestranded RNA virus, a plus strand is one having the same polarity as viral mRNA and containing codon sequences that can be translated into viral protein A minus strand is a noncoding strand that must be copied by an RNAdependent RNA polymerase to produce a translatable mRNA 2 in a singlestranded DNA virus, a plus strand is one contained in the virus particle orHerpes is a double stranded linear genome, parvovirus (distemper in dogs) is a single stranded linear, and baculoviruses (arthropod lethal viruses) are double stranded circular Comment on BiologyCellfies's post "The Baltimore Classificat" Button opens signup modal

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 Less common in nature is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), which has two strands and resembles the wellknown DNA double helix It's found in some viruses, but for the past few decades, people haveThe type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single or doublestranded, linear or circular, and segmented or nonsegmented) are used to classify the virus core structures Adenovirus (left) is depicted with a doublestranded DNA genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that is 90–100 nm acrossViruses can have DNA or RNA Their nucleic acid can be double stranded (ds) or single stranded (ss);

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 Despite major differences in the life cycles of the seven different classes of known viruses, the genomereplication processes of certain positivestrand RNA viruses, doublestranded RNA virusesAnd the Ebola virus are singlestranded RNA viruses Rotaviruses, which cause severe gastroenteritis in children and other immunocompromised individuals, are examples of doublestrandedThe dsRNA viruses represent a large, diverse group of pathogens (affecting a very wide range of host species), several of which are of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance Many of the icosahedral dsRNA viruses show striking structural and

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Unique among the RNA viruses are the retroviruses, whose replication involves a doublestranded DNA phase, making these viruses an easy target for genetic manipulation Transfection of fulllength cDNA molecules leads to the establishment of replicating virus particles and integration of the viral genetic information into the host genome ( 10 )The doublestranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (Tnumber, capsid layers, or turrets) Members of this fascinating group include the rotaviruses, renowned globally as the commonest cause of gastroenteritis in young children, and bluetongue virus,Rotaviruses are double stranded RNA viruses comprising a genus within the family Reoviridae The mature virus particles are triple layered, approximately 70 nm in diameter, and possess icosahedral symmetry The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of doublestranded RNA that code for 6 structural viral proteins and 6 nonstructural proteins

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The mature virus, a virion, consists of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA, which can be singlestranded or doublestranded, circular, linear or in separate segments, see SEGMENTED GENOME) surrounded by a coat of protein (capsid) In some viruses this is surrounded by an envelope of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, and there may be spikesAdenoassociated virus (AAV) Transfection ofplasmids containing AAVgenes Retrovirus Transfection ofinfectious cDNA Plussense RNA Picornavirus, Semliki forest Transfection ofcDNAderived infectious RNA virus, Sindbis virus Minussense RNA Influenzavirus, rhabdovirus, parainfluenza virus, bunyavirus dsRNA ds, Double stranded;Singlestranded RNA virus HSV Herpes simplex virus An enveloped, doublestranded DNA virus, typically cellassociated HTLV 1 and 2 Human Tcell lymphotropic virus, types 1 and 2 Enveloped, singlestranded RNA viruses, typically cellassociated ID 50 The quantity of virus or other infectious agent that will infect 50% of subjects or tissue

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I Doublestranded DNA mRNA is transcribed directly from the DNA template Herpes simplex (herpesvirus) II Singlestranded DNA DNA is converted to doublestranded form before RNA is transcribed Canine parvovirus (parvovirus) III Doublestranded RNA mRNA is transcribed from the RNA genome Childhood gastroenteritis (rotavirus) IV Single stranded RNA () RNA viruses are a major threat to human health Here, based on extensive literature searches carried out over a period of 18 years, we provide a catalogue of all 214 known humaninfective RNADoublestranded RNA (dsRNA) longer than 30 bp is a key activator of the innate immune response against viral infections It is widely assumed that the generation of dsRNA during genome replication is a trait shared by all viruses However, to our knowledge, no study exists in

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RNAViruses with Split Genomes A number of RNA plant viruses contain more than just one molecule of RNA per virion ( a common phenomenon in animal viruses, the influenza virus being a typical example) In others, the genome is distributed among several virus particles Case 1 The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an example of the first type ItBut there are no properties, other than the defining property of a ()sense single stranded RNA genome, that extends to all six classes of the Group IV viruses For example, some classes have envelopes (ie, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Coronaviridae), and others do not (ie doublestranded RNAs with twonucleotide 3ʹ overhangs and 5ʹmonophosphate and 3ʹhydroxyl termini They are processed from long doublestranded RNA precursors by Dicer Plant and animal genomes encode many siRNAs with complete or extensive sequence complementarity to endogenous mRNA transcripts MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 21–25nucleotide

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 We therefore suggest that the use of the term doublestranded be restricted to the situation in which two complementary RNA molecules anneal, such as after the replication of some viruses As well as a secondary structure at the 5′PPP end, other properties of RNAs may also influence recognition by RIGI

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